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Untapped: The Scramble For Africa's Oil 20
at the same time, african nations are facing a continent-wide resurgence of right-wing nationalism in reaction to the uns millennium goals and the green revolution. states like south africa, nigeria, and sudan have been thrown back to the 19th century by the rise of aids and other diseases, and a vicious new politics of ethnic cleansing. in zimbabwe, the brutal repression of the labor movement, and the rise of an extreme-right government, has created a violent backlash among the poor masses. in response, the world bank has been forced to drop the imf as a borrower in zimbabwe, and the u.s. and other western powers are threatening to cut aid altogether. in the past decade, at least three different governments have been toppled in africa, with many more threatened. in response, the us has intervened in somalia to prop up a weak central government, and the u. military has been reinforcing the security forces of former dictator moammar gadhafi in libya. in the past week, the u. has deployed troops into uganda to protect the government of yoweri museveni, who was a u. ally in the 1990s, from the rebellion of rebel leader joseph kony, who has been linked to the lord's resistance army of uganda, backed by the cia in the 1980s, and who is suspected of having links to osama bin laden.
but a different african revolution is taking place. in zambia, the labor movement has overcome the social and economic chaos of the 1990s. in ethiopia, the labor movement and the workers' party has taken the lead in resisting the unbridled power of tigrayan ethnic repression, and has forced the ethiopian government to reject its demands for amnesty for political prisoners. in sudan, the sudan workers' trade union has driven the government to liberalize the economy and accede to workers demands for better labor conditions, and has won a major victory by gaining a partial repeal of the state of emergency imposed after the rebellion in 2003. in zimbabwe, the workers' charter passed by a majority vote in the parliament has led to a multi-class alliance of workers and peasants that has forced the mugabe regime to agree to a wage increase and to repeal repressive legislation. in south africa, the labor movement has supported the united national trade union congress, which has led the national strikes against zimbabwes government in the past two years. and in angola, the unified workers' trade union, which was founded in february, is the main force fighting against the corrupt regime of josé eduardo dos santos.
through these extractions, the british empire and the french established the system of wage labor that was to underpin the entire colonial economy. while the u.s. would not begin to play a dominant role on the continent until after world war ii, the british and french already had firmly established wage labor as the basis of the economy of their african colonies by the 1860s. the french used forced removal, primarily to algeria, as the primary mechanism of surplus extraction. africans were carried off by french colonialists from their villages to be workers on farms and plantations. the british colonized large parts of east and southern africa with a similar system of forced labor. this included the south african homeland, settled by the dutch from the fourteenth to the nineteenth centuries, and the boer republics, created by the british after the end of the anglo-boer war in 1902. some of the most dramatic developments have occurred in niger. from 1985 to 2004, a single company, exxonmobil, controlled 85% of nigeriens oil production, and the country was placed under state control for management and investment by the african development bank.111 starting in 2003, the government privatized the industry, and today, exxonmobil and the franco-british oil company total are among the few companies able to operate in an oil-exporting nation. the violence of the scramble for africa still reverberates through today. in the 2000s, with the imf demanding a creditors debt forgiveness of $862 million, the world bank offered to forgive $300 million in debt. the imf took its offer and threatened to cut off aid to ghana and nigeria if the nations refused to agree to the deal, but the finance ministers of both nations refused to give in. 5ec8ef588b
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