Softening Point Test For Bitumen Pdf !!INSTALL!! Download ⊳
Softening Point Test For Bitumen Pdf !!INSTALL!! Download ⊳
Softening Point Test For Bitumen Pdf Download
According to Fig. 6, it can be seen that adding lignin to bitumen results in a decrease in bubble point. However, when more than 11% lignin is added to bitumen, the bitumen bubble point decreases in more than 11% than the base bitumen bubble point. Bitumen bubble point is a significant characteristic in bitumen and it is used for the determination of the amount of bitumen flashing and loss of hot water (in-specification stability).
In Fig. 7, the results of the pour point test at different temperatures have shown that the pour point point increases when bitumen is mixed with lignin as a result of decreasing its molecular weight due to polymerization that decreases the straight chain and increases the branched chain of the bitumen. The increase in pour point is in the temperature ranges of 10-20C and 20-30C that is pretty obvious as the temperature increases.
In Fig. 8, the results of cone penetration test at different temperatures, which were conducted on the bitumen samples containing lignin in various amounts, have shown that the cone penetration increases when bitumen is mixed with lignin, which can be explained by decreasing the molecular weight of bitumen due to the formation of more branched chains and less straight chains.
The natural bitumen API test results conducted at 20C, 25C, 30C, and 35C, which have shown in Fig. 9, have indicated that the bitumen API reduces when the bitumen is mixed with different percentages of lignin. The reduction of API is in the range of 4-7%, which is pretty obvious by increasing the temperature.
Following Fig. 10, it was found that the penetration grade of bitumen decreases when the bitumen is mixed with lignin in 12% and it is in the range of 41-49 cm. This reduction was in the range of 2% for the bitumen mixed with 8% of lignin, which was in the range of 1-3%, and it increased in the range of 5% when the bitumen contained 12% of lignin. These reductions can be explained by the formation of more branched chains in the bitumen and less straight chains due to the polymerization caused by adding lignin.
Wear resistance of asphalt binders is a very crucial property in the design of paved roads. In the case of poor binding materials, the surface layers are quickly destroyed due to the unneeded energy expenditure on the part of the vehicle, which makes the roads less suitable for traction and leads to unsafe driving conditions and a shorter service life. The wear resistance of asphalt binders is related to the resistance of the bitumen to damage from mechanical and thermal stresses. Hence, asphalt binder's wear resistance is one of the main characteristics that will determine the quality of the asphalt roads. Since the test of softening point is one of the critical tests to determine the resistance of bitumen to low temperatures, which can significantly affect the generation and expansion of fatigue cracks in bitumen pavements, it is very necessary to evaluate these temperatures. The results of this test show that the bitumen softening point of additive-enriched bitumen is higher than the base bitumen. This means that the bitumen in which the additive has been used has a better resistance to low temperature than the base bitumen and has greater resistance to cold. Hence, the bitumen-emulsion composite is more resistant to the formation of fatigue cracks at low temperatures than the base bitumen. The effect of adding additives to bitumen on its softening point, which is the upper limit temperature of exposure to friction and shearing motions, has been evaluated. The results showed that the softening point increases with increasing the amount of lignin. The softening point has the best performance in the mixture of 70% bitumen and 20% lignin, which is approximately 13.2°C (Table 2). This improvement in softening point can be due to the alkali lignin, which improves the ability of bitumen to form a film. Hence, the bitumen with alkali lignin has a better resistance to the friction and shearing action than the base bitumen. The results of this test agreed with those of Doğan [ 29 ] and a study by Sairam et al. [ 30 ]. They explained that adding natural lignin and synthetic lignin to bitumen improves the thermal cracking resistance of bitumen at low temperatures. The results of the test conducted by Jain et al. [ 31 ] also showed that the addition of lignin to bitumen results in an increase in bitumen softening point. 5ec8ef588b
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