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If you are looking for a game that can stimulate your mind, improve your memory, and foster social connections, you might want to give mahjong a try. Mahjong is a tile-based game that originated in China and has spread throughout the world since the early 20th century. It is played by four players (with some three-player variations found in parts of China, Japan, South Korea, and Southeast Asia) who try to form sets and pairs of tiles according to certain rules and patterns. Mahjong is not only a game of luck, but also a game of skill, strategy, and calculation.
In this article, we will explore the origin and history of mahjong, the popularity and variations of mahjong around the world, the benefits of playing mahjong for mental health, cognitive skills, and social interaction, and the basic rules and strategies of mahjong. By the end of this article, you will have a better understanding of what makes mahjong such a fascinating and rewarding game, and hopefully, you will be inspired to give it a go yourself.
The exact origins of mahjong are unclear, but some theories suggest it was created by Chinese officers during the Taiping Rebellion in the mid to late 1800s. The name Mahjong or Mah Jong can be spelled differently, but both are usually considered correct. The name means "sparrow" in Chinese, which is still used in several Chinese languages, mostly in the south, such as Cantonese and Hokkien. Some believe that the name comes from the sound of the tiles shuffling on the table, which resembles the chirping of sparrows.
Mahjong was introduced to the United States in the 1920s by Joseph Park Babcock, an American businessman who lived in China. He simplified and standardized the rules of the game and published a book called "Rules of Mah-Jongg" in 1920. The game became a craze among Americans from different cultures and backgrounds, who also added their own variations and adaptations to the game. Mahjong also became popular in other countries, such as Japan, where it was further modified and influenced by local customs and preferences.
Today, mahjong is widely played throughout East and Southeast Asia and has also become popular in Western countries. The game has also been adapted into a widespread online entertainment. There are many regional variations of mahjong, each with its own rules, scoring systems, tile sets, and special hands. Some of the most common variations are:
Mahjong is not only a fun and challenging game, but also a beneficial one for one's mental health, cognitive skills, and social interaction. Studies have shown that playing mahjong can improve memory, attention, concentration, problem-solving, decision-making, and strategic thinking . It can also reduce stress, anxiety, depression, and loneliness by providing a positive and engaging activity that stimulates the brain and fosters social bonds with other players . Playing mahjong can also promote cultural awareness and appreciation, as it exposes players to different aspects of Chinese and other Asian cultures through the symbols, names, and rules of the game .
The basic rules of mahjong are similar across different variations, but there are some differences in the details. The common goal of the game is to form a complete hand of 14 tiles that consists of four sets (either three identical tiles or three consecutive tiles in the same suit) and one pair (two identical tiles). A set can be either exposed (claimed from another player's discard) or concealed (formed from one's own tiles). A hand can also be formed by special patterns such as seven pairs or thirteen orphans. A player wins by declaring "mahjong" when they draw or claim a tile that completes their hand.
Some basic strategies of mahjong include:
A standard mahjong set consists of 144 tiles, which can be divided into three main groups: suited tiles, honor tiles, and bonus tiles. The suited tiles are further divided into three suits: circles, bamboo, and characters. Each suit has nine tiles numbered from one to nine, and there are four identical copies of each tile. The circles are also known as dots or wheels, and represent coins. The bamboo are also known as sticks or bams, and represent strings of cash. The characters are also known as numbers or cracks, and represent ten thousands of cash .
The honor tiles are divided into two types: winds and dragons. The winds are four tiles that represent the four cardinal directions: east, south, west, and north. The dragons are three tiles that represent the three Confucian virtues: red (中 zhōng) for benevolence, green (發 fā) for sincerity, and white (白 bái) for filial piety. There are four identical copies of each wind and dragon tile .
The bonus tiles are divided into two types: flowers and seasons. The flowers are four tiles that represent the four plants of the four seasons: plum (梅 méi) for spring, orchid (蘭 lán) for summer, chrysanthemum (菊 jú) for autumn, and bamboo (竹 zhú) for winter. The seasons are four tiles that represent the four seasons: spring (春 chūn), summer (夏 xià), autumn (秋 qiū), and winter (冬 dōng). There is only one copy of each flower and season tile .
Some variations of mahjong may use different types of tiles or sets. For example, American mahjong uses 152 tiles, which include eight joker tiles that can act as wild cards. Japanese mahjong uses 136 tiles, which exclude the flower and season tiles but include four red fives that act as dora (bonus tiles). Some variations may also use different symbols or designs for the tiles, such as Arabic numerals or Western letters .
The scoring system and winning hands in mahjong vary depending on the variation of the game. However, a general principle is that a hand is considered a winning hand when it has four sets and a pair or is considered a special hand. A set can be either a pung (three identical tiles), a kong (four identical tiles), or a chow (three consecutive tiles in the same suit). A pair is two identical tiles. A special hand is a hand that does not follow the standard pattern but has its own criteria and value .
Points are obtained by matching the winning hand and the winning condition with a specific set of criteria, with different criteria scoring different values. Some of these criteria may include particular melds or other tiles held, how the hand was completed, possession of various special combinations, etc. Some of these criteria may be subsets of other criteria, and in these cases, only the criteria with the tighter requirements are scored. The points obtained may be translated into scores for each player using some function, which may be linear or exponential .
For example, in Hong Kong mahjong, the most common point set is three, meaning a winning hand must score at least three points. Some possible ways to score points are: one point for having no chows in the hand; one point for having a pung or kong of dragons; one point for having a pung or kong of one's own wind; one point for having a pung or kong of the prevailing wind; one point for having all simples (tiles numbered from two to eight); two points for having all pungs or kongs; two points for having all honors (winds and dragons); two points for having all terminals (tiles numbered one or nine); three points for having a concealed hand (no exposed sets); etc.
- determine the basic points of a hand, which are then multiplied by various factors to get the final score. For example, a hand with one han and 30 fu is worth 1,000 points, but a hand with four han and 30 fu is worth 8,000 points. There are also special cases such as mangan (a hand worth at least 8,000 points), yakuman (a hand worth 32,000 points), and ippatsu (a bonus for winning within one turn after declaring riichi) .Mahjong is a game that can offer many benefits for players of all ages and backgrounds. It can enhance one's mental health, cognitive skills, and social interaction, as well as provide a source of entertainment and cultural enrichment. Mahjong is also a game that can be enjoyed in various ways, as there are many regional variations and online platforms to choose from. Whether you are a beginner or an expert, a casual or a competitive player, there is a mahjong game that suits your preferences and goals.
If you are interested in learning more about mahjong or playing it yourself, you can start by finding a mahjong set or an online mahjong game that matches your desired variation. You can also read more about the rules, strategies, and history of mahjong from books, websites, or blogs. You can also join a mahjong club or community where you can meet other players and share your experiences and tips. Mahjong is a game that can be learned easily but mastered with difficulty, so you will always find something new and challenging to explore.
So what are you waiting for? Grab some tiles and start playing mahjong today. You will be amazed by how much fun and satisfaction you can get from this ancient and modern game.
Mahjong solitaire is a single-player puzzle game that uses mahjong tiles but has different rules and objectives from mahjong. The goal of mahjong solitaire is to remove all the tiles from the board by matching pairs of free tiles. A tile is free if it has no other tile on top of it or on both sides of it. Mahjong solitaire is also known as Shanghai solitaire or simply Mahjongg .
The standard number of players for a game of mahjong is four, with each player taking one of the four cardinal directions: east, south, west, and north. However, some variations of mahjong allow for three-player or five-player games, with some modifications to the rules and the tile distribution. For example, in some three-player variations, the north wind tile is removed from the set, while in some five-player variations, an extra suit of tiles is added to the set .
You can find a mahjong set or an online mahjong game from various sources, such as online retailers, specialty stores, gaming platforms, or mobile apps. However, before you buy or download a mahjong set or an online mahjong game, you should make sure that it matches your desired variation of mahjong, as different variations may have different types of tiles, rules, scoring systems, and winning hands. You should also check the quality and durability of the tiles if you are buying a physical set .
The duration of a game of mahjong depends on several factors, such as the number of players, the variation of mahjong, the skill level of the players, and the pace of the game. A typical game of mahjong consists of four rounds (one for each wind direction), with each round divided into four hands (one for each player). A hand ends when one player declares "mahjong" or when there are no more tiles left in the wall (the stack of unclaimed tiles). A round ends when all four players have been the dealer (the player who starts the hand) once. A game ends when all four rounds are completed .
- that end the game early, such as a limit on the number of hands or a target score to reach. Some players may also agree to play fewer or more rounds than the standard four.Some tips for beginners to improve their mahjong skills are:
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